Now on academia.edu. Verb paradigms in Hittite infinitives present past imperative participles substantives
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I have been learning Hittie for the past 5 months and I have fully mastered the language. Hittie is the first ever Indo-European language, from which Minoan Linear A, Mycenaean Linear B, ancient Greek, Latin and all modern Occidental languages are derived.
Here is list of Verb paradigms in Hittite infinitives present past imperative participles substantives:
Common verbs classified: + Linear A (LA=) + Linear B (LB=) + Greek (gr=) & Latin (la=) (where applicable) + English + français
existence/creation:
es = to be = la = essere = to be = English = is = français = être/es/est LB = eesi = they are gr = ei0mi
essa/issa = to realize, do
tahr? to be able to
tarna = to let, allow; to abandon; to leave; to forgive; to let, put (a spoon in a liquid)
huinu = to cause
asas/ases = to sit = English = sit = français = s'asseoir LA = ase/asi = to sit, to settle, to put into
ki/kikki = to lie down gr = kei=mai
aniya = to act, create, work, achieve; ? to make grow (a plant)
samn?i = to create, bring up, raise = English = to assemble = français = assembler
give
food:
ad/ed = to eat + azzikk = to eat again + hassik/ispai = to eat until full = English = edible
eku = to drink
akkusk = to drink a lot
life & death:
ak/ek/akkisk = to die
armaniya/irmaliya = to fall ill = English = harm
dassanu = to make strong
has = to open; to give birth (for a woman); to testify (for a man)
huis/huisw?i = to live, to stay alive
haddules = to recover
maliskunu = to weaken = English = malaise = français = mal, malade, malaise
ses/suppariya = to sleep, to fall asleep = English = supine
teshaniya = to sleep, dream
perception:
uh/usk//sakuwai = to see
usk = to see often
istamas = to hear = English = to listen gr = i3sthmi = to stand
expression:
dariyanu = to call
halz?i = to call, name + halzessa = to call , to name; to read = English = hail
lamniya = to name; to call; to order; to assign, appoint
mem?i = to talk, say; to announce = la = memoria = memory English = memory = français = mémoire
talliya = to call, invite; to implore
te/tar (2 infinitives) = to speak
tarsik = to talk again, proclaim
tarsikk = to say/speak/talk several times
tekkus(sa)nu = to indicate; to show; to accuse = English = accuse = français = accuser gr = dei/knumi
tekuss?i = to appear, show
s?kiya = to declare gr = fa/skw
tarkumm?i = to announce, report
watarnah = to order; to entrust; to inculcate; to command, lead; to ask; to inform
punus = to ask, to examine
uesk = to implore = English = ask
wek = to wish, ask, demand, claim = English = wish/ask LB = eukoto = he wishes
wewakk(iya) = to ask again LB = eukoto = he wishes
education:
hatrai = to write = English = write LA = jatikutu = to write?
handai = to add = English = hand/handle
kupawi/kappuwar = to count = English = cut = français = couper
sak/sek = to know = English = to seek
annanu= to teach, educate
ishiullah = to teach
lazziya = to rectify, set straight LA = kireza?
siy?i = to open (by pushing), push; to stamp, flatten; ? to draw; ? to seal; to cover with a seal = English = to seal gr = shmai/nw = to signify, mark, seal
motion:
uwa = to come
?nna = to drive; to receive; to come, hurry
pai = to go gr = bai/nw = to go
arr?sa p?war = to go
d?la/d?liya = to leave = English = dally
tiya = to move forward
watkunu = to drive away, to dismiss
huwai(huya) = to run, to flee = English = flee = français = fuir
pars = to run, to flee = français = partir = je pars
piddai = to run, hasten, flee + to pay = English = pittance LA = daipita = to lay, put, sit, pay
as = to stay, to come to stay
sakuwantariya = to stop, rest
zenna/zinna = to end, finish; to settle, put an end to; to demolish
husk = to wait
istand?i = to remain, stay; to hesitate, wait, tarry = English = stand gr = i3sthmi = to stand
ispart = to escape = la = evanescere = to disappear English = escape = français = disparaître
kark = to disappear
sanna = to conceal, hide
maus = to fall
waktu = to jump
wahnu/weh = to turn
up = to rise (the sun) = English = up
action:
dai/te/ti/tai = to put
tittanu = to put, set. awan arha t. : to remove, withdraw
tittiya = to put, set out
ep = to grab
iya = to do
hark(iya) = to hold, to have + to collapse LA = apieke LB = oka + LB = ekee= to have + ekei = he has + ekonsi = they have
d? = to take; to take as possession; ? to take for oneself + to decide in favor of s.o.
huitiya = to pull
hamenk= to attach, to link; to marry
tarm?i = to attach, fix
karp = to lift
w?k = to bite, bite off = English = to whack
duwarn?i = to break
parsiya = to break LA = parosu
la = to detach
mark = to cut, distribute = English = mark LA = makarite, almost definite!
tuhs/tuhhus = to cut; to separate (a girl from her lover)
mat/maz/mazas = to support = français = mettre
sarkuwai = to tighten
wesuriya = to squeeze
maninkuwah/maninkues = to shorten
wete= to build + wetenu = to have sth. built, reinforced, fortified Linear B = wete = he works gr = e1rgon = work
sarlai = to raise = la = sublevare = to raise = français = soulever
taks/takkes/taggas = to gather; to implement, undertake; ? to found, buildLB = akere = to collect + LB = apeeke = to let go gr = ta/cij = arranging, putting in place, order, arrangement etc.
zikk = to put several times
has/hes = to open
siy?i = to open (by pushing), push; to stamp, flatten; ? to draw; ? to seal; to cover with a seal = la = consignare = to seal = English = to seal gr = shmai/nw = to signify, mark, seal
hatk = to close
istap = to close; to block = la = subsistere = to stand = English = stop gr = i3sthmi = to stand
less?i = to pick up = français = laisser
karsanu = to omit
kanes = to point out; to obtain, get; to find out, realize; to acknowledge, accept LB = dekasato = to be accepted
harp?i = to pile, to heap = English = heap
sarnink = to replace
was/wes = to buy/to dress + wessiya = to dress
arnu = to bring, to send; to address
uwate = to bring
uda = to bring; to cause (distress) LB = pere = to bring
piya = to send
uppa = to send
piyanna = to give = English = pay = français = payer
ussaniya = to give, sell
piyan?i = to reward, give a present = la = dependere = to pay = English = pay = français = payer
maniyahh = to give back
pesk = to give several times
dask = to take several times LB = dosei = he gives
wemiya = to find
sah/sahn = to search
n?i/ne = to guide, lead; to turn sth.
nann? = to drive, shove, push
pehute = to supply
assanu/asnu = to prepare/obtain = la = assignare = to assign = English = assign (absolutely the same word!)
newah = to renew = la = novus = newb= English = new/renew gr = ne/oj = new
pahs = to protect
pahsanu = to ensure; to guarantee, protect; to strenghten, reinforce
hap (Mid.) = to succeed
wek = to require = la = egere = call for = English = require LB = weke = to work gr= e1rgon
handalliya = to dare, risk
mal?i = to approve
markiya = to disagree
agriculture & vessels/pottery:
ahu(w?i) = to pour; to empty (a container) = English = wash LA = ra2sa (raisa?)/rua?/rujami?
+ lahu(w?i) = to pour; to empty (a container) LA = ra2sa (raisa?)/rua?/rujami?
ishuw?i = to pour + ishuwann?i = la = effusus = pouring rain = to pour out = English = wash
less?i = to pick up LB = resi?
suhha = to pour
suppiyahh = to clean
parkunu = to cleanse; to excuse = la = purus = clean
arra = to wash français = arrosser =to water
hat = to dry = English = hot
salliya = to melt (away), dissolve = la = (dis)solvi = to dissolve = English = dissolve
m?i = to grow, blossom; to prosper + mid. miyari = he/she is born
makkes = to become many, grow = la = maximus = the greatest = English = maximum/maximize = français = maximum
salles = to grow, increase = la = salio = to spring, to jump, to leap LA = sareju?
parkiya = to raise, grow; to remove; to flatter
maknu = to multiply, increase, pile up = = la = maximus = the greatest = English = maximum/maximize = français = maximum
mes (Mid.) = to grow, prosper = la = maxime = the most (adv.) = English = most
uliliya = to grow, blossom
ul?i = to unite, blend
zanu/zeya = to cook
sallanu = to make larger; to stretch; to raise, bring up = la = salio = to spring, to jump, to leap
dankues = to get dark = la = obscurus = dark = English = dark LA = dakusene
luk = to light; to set ablaze + middle = to brighten, get light = English = light
maiszasti = to glow, shine = la = micare = to glitter
teth?i = to thunder = = la = (in)tonare = to thunder = English = to thunder
war/+warnu (set on fire) = to burn = English = warm
wars = to wipe off, slip off; to pluck, harvest = English = wash
wesiya/wisiya = to graze (trans.)
military/government:
tamas = to squeeze; to press; to attack, pester, force = English = pester
dammesh?i = to damage, strike, punish = English = to damage = français = endommager
dannattah = to devastate, ravage = = la = damno = to condemn, sentence, punish = English = to damage
tarh(za) = to defeat, submit, conquer (with -za)
harni(n)k = to destroy
hull?i/hulliya = to fight = to topple (a decree)
hullanz?in = to give battle
harr/kuskus = to crush = la = fungere = to crush = English = crush
kakkur = to cut, maim = la = caedere = to cut = English = cut gr = ko/ptw
t?ya = to rob, steal; to abduct
s?ruw?i = to plunder
ispar = to spread; to cover; to crush, tread on = la = dissipare = to disperse = English = disperse = français = disperser, éparpiller gr = spei/rw = to sow, scatter, spread
ninik= to mobilize
hatkesnu = to bother, disturb; to attack, plague, press; to add
h?ni(n)k = to injure, to damage, to hurt = = English = hurt
wen = to harm
hurna = to hunt
hatukes = to worsen
kuen = to strike, kill = la = caedere = to kill = English = kill gr = a0poktei/nw
walh = to strike; to attack
zah = to strike
zahhiya = to fight
walhann?i = to hit, beat
hazziknu = to beat, hit, strike; to fight s.o.
hazziya = to push, stab, strike
pessiya = to throw, push, project; to dismiss, reject, abolish = English = push/press = français = presser
hatt?i = to put to death; to cut off = English = hit
hariya = to bury
taksul?i = to be friendly, peaceful, tolerate each other; to sign a treaty
hassuw?i/hassuizn?i = to govern as king
emotional:
dusk = to rejoice, be happy
m?g?i = to complain = la = mugire = to rumble, groan
ilaliya = to desire, envy
nah = to fear
uwai = to worry = English = worry
wiya = to lament/wesk = iterative of wiya
sa= to be angry
waggariya = to be indignant, rebel = English = to wag indignant
judicial/religious:
ha = to believe
walla/wallu = to glorify, praise; to pride oneself on sth.
ariya = to study an oracle, ask an oracle =la =oraculum = oracle = Eng= oracle = fr = oracle
azzikk = to adore (all the time)
assiya = to love
hahhars = to laugh = English = haha
parkus/parkues = to become pure = = la = parcere = to spare, economize = English = pure = français = pur gr = kaqaro/j = pure + kaqai/rw = to purify
warressa = to hasten to help = English = hasten
hanna = to judge, decide
has = to open; to give birth (for a woman); to testify (for a man)
tuwadd = to have mercy, pity
hanti tiya = to accuse
wasta = to sin = English = waste
idalawes = to become evil = la = idolon = a spectre = English = idol/idolize = français = idole/idolizer
idalawahh = to behave badly = la = idolon = a spectre = English = idol/idolize = français = idole/idolizer
huwap = to do evil
huek = to swear (under oath) + to throw down = English = heck/heckle
sull?i/sulliya = to argue, quarrel; to scold, rebuke = English = sully
zammur?i = to offend, insult
h?wart?- : to swear, curse
link = to swear
mald= to vow, swear
wars/warsiya = to calm down (intrans.)
Conjugations follow
35 pp.
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mosaïque de tuiles, chrétiens et musulmans massacrés... Quelle joie ! Richard Vallance This stunning mosaic is in the train station in Porto, Portugal. Cette mosaïque étonnante se trouve dans la gare de Porto, au Portugal.
The question is, what is the actual word for “fig(s)” in Minoan Linear A? Apparently, no-one knows. The odd thing about this supersyllabogram NI is that it was taken over lock-stock-and-barrel by the Mycenaeans. We will never know why, but it is clear that they thought it convenient simply to hang onto it. It may very well be that that the Mycenaeans continued to use the Minoan word for “fig” alongside their early Greek suza. If that is the case, it is all the more relevant for us to attempt to reconstruct the Minoan word for “fig”. Whatever the circumstances, we are still left with the perplexing question, what is the word for “fig” in Minoan Linear A anyway? In spite of apparently insurmountable obstacles, it may not be so difficult to reconstruct as we might imagine. If we stop to consider even briefly what the word for “fig” is that I have methodically selected in 13 languages, ancient and modern, belonging to 6 different classes, we discover that all but one of them are either monosyllabic or disyllabic. In one instance only is it trisyllabic, pesnika, in Serbian. This does not come as any surprise to me as a linguist, though it may to the so-called “common person” . Here are the words for “fig” in 16 languages belonging to 6 different languages classes: KEY to language classes: AU = Austronesian/ IN = Indo-European/ LI = language isolate/ NC = Niger-Congo/ SE = Semitic/ UR = Uralic. A language isolate is one which does not belong to any international language class whatsoever, but which stands entirely on its own. AU: Indonesian ara Malay rajah Maori piki IN: French figue German Feige Greek (Mycenaean) suza (Attic) suchon Italian fico Latin ficus Norwegian fiken Portuguese figo Serbian pesnika Spanish higo LI: Basque piku NC: Swahili mtimi (sub-class = Bantu) SE: Maltese tin (the only Semitic language in Latin script) UR: Finnish kuva Under the circumstances, I am given to wonder whether or not the Minoan Linear A word for “fig” is monosyllabic, disyllabic or possibly even trisyllabic. It is clear that it cannot be monosyllabic, because the supersyllabogram for “fig” in both Minoan Linear A and Mycenaean Linear B is NI. And supersyllabograms are always the first syllable only of di- tri- or multi-syllabic words in both of these languages. Given this scenario, is it possible or even feasible to reconstruct the Minoan Linear A for “fig”? Surprisingly enough, the answer is yes. Why so? It just so happens that most Minoan Linear A words which are diminutives are feminine with the ultimate being either pa3 or ra2. Under the circumstances, it only takes one small step to restore the two mostly likely candidates for the Minoan Linear A for “fig”. And these are:
It is of course possible to argue that the Minoan word for “fig” is trisyllabic, but this is highly unlikely, since the only trisyllabic word for “fig” in all 13 of the languages cited above is the Serbian, pesnika. Hence, I am reasonably convinced that the Minoan Linear A word for “fig(s)” is either nipa3 (nipai) or nira2 (nirai). Finally, as it is clear that since the word for “fig(s)” does not even remotely correspond to any of the 13 words in 6 language classes, ancient and modern, above, not even Basque, it may very well turn out that, like Basque, the Minoan language is also a language isolate. I should not be the least but surprised if it were. This discussion will be part and parcel in my upcoming article in Vol. 12 (2016) of Archaeology and Science (Belgrade) ISSN 1452-7448, “Pylos tablet Py TA 641-1952 (Ventris), the Rosetta Stone to Minoan Linear A tablet HT 31 (Haghia Triada) vessels and pottery” and a Glossary of 110 words”, the third article in a row I shall have published in this prestigious international annual by the beginning of 2018 at the very latest.
